![]() Rucker CW, Keefe WP, Kernohan JW (1959) Pathogenesis of paralysis of the third cranial nerve. Park UC, Kim SJ, Hwang JM, Yu YS (2008) Clinical features and natural history of acquired third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsy. ![]() Mushkudiani NA, Engel DC, Steyerberg EW, Butcher I, Lu J, Marmarou A, Slieker F, McHugh GS, Murray GD, Maas AI (2007) Prognostic value of demographic characteristics in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. Marmarou A, Lu J, Butcher I, McHugh GS, Murray GD, Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani NA, Choi S, Maas AI (2007) Prognostic value of the Glasgow Coma Scale and pupil reactivity in traumatic brain injury assessed pre-hospital and on enrollment: an IMPACT analysis. Kernohan JW, Woltman HW (1929) Incisura of the crus due to contralateral brain tumour. Greaves D (1978) Sir Jonathan Hutchinson. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:175–181Ĭollier J (1904) The false localizing signs of intracranial tumour. Injury 40:28–32Ĭlusmann H, Schaller C, Schramm J (2001) Fixed and dilated pupils after trauma, stroke, and previous intracranial surgery: management and outcome. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52:32–35Ĭhaudhuri K, Malham GM, Rosenfeld JV (2009) Survival of trauma patients with coma and bilateral fixed dilated pupils. KeywordsĪkagi T, Miyamoto K, Kashii S, Yoshimura N (2008) Cause and prognosis of neurologically isolated third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve dysfunction in cases of oculomotor palsy. A FDP is a grave prognostic sign following TBI commonly resulting in long term ophthalmological sequelae however, a favourable outcome is still attainable. Most patients with bilateral FDP did not survive (88%) however, of those who did survive, none was left in a persistent vegetative state or with any ophthalmological sequelae. Of those patients who survived an FDP, 72% were left with some form of ophthalmological deficit. In 34% of cases CT demonstrated a lateralising condition ipsilateral to the side of the FDP and in 9% cases the FDP was contralateral to the side of the CT abnormality. In patients presenting with a unilateral FDP, the CT-defined condition was most commonly diffuse brain injury (49%) with no obvious lateralising condition. In approximately three-quarters of cases, some form of road traffic incident was the mechanism of injury. ![]() The objectives of this study were to determine the underlying condition responsible, the natural history of recovery of third nerve palsy and the ultimate clinical outcome in 60 patients admitted to a regional neurosurgical centre with a diagnosis of TBI and unilateral or bilateral fixed, dilated pupils (FDP). ![]() In many ways, pupil responses are similar to other eye movements, such as saccades and smooth pursuit: like these other eye movements, pupil responses have properties of both reflexive and voluntary action, and are part of active visual exploration.Pupillary abnormalities are commonly seen in patients presenting with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although pupil responses likely serve many functions, not all of which are fully understood, one important function is to optimize vision either for acuity (small pupils see sharper) and depth of field (small pupils see sharply at a wider range of distances), or for sensitivity (large pupils are better able to detect faint stimuli) that is, pupils change their size to optimize vision for a particular situation. I also discuss the functional relevance of pupil responses, that is, how pupil responses help us to better see the world. In this review, I describe these three pupil responses, how they are related to high-level cognition, and the neural pathways that control them. Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and dilate in response to increases in arousal and mental effort, either triggered by an external stimulus or spontaneously. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |